The Larson Research Center

As explained in the previous post, to construct his theory of the universe of motion, Larson’s developed the necessary consequences of the RST, in which space is defined as the inverse of time in the equation of a universal motion. It is then assumed that the physical structure of the universe is composed entirely of discrete units, or instances, of this motion, existing in three dimensions, and it is further assumed that “direction” reversals in the progression of the space or time aspect of this motion produce “speed-displacements,” or local instances of the motion, where the space/time ratio is altered from the initial value of ds/dt = 1/1, to 1/n, or n/1.

The first question that usually occurs to those studying Larson’s works is, “What causes these ‘direction’ reversals?” Larson’s answer is that no mechanism is required to be identified in this case, because it lies outside the scope of the system (related to Godel’s incompleteness theorem I think.) In other words, in order for the system to be applied at all, n units of one aspect must be associated with 1 unit of its inverse aspect, and the only way that this is possible is for the scalar “direction” of the progression of one aspect or the other, to “oscillate;” that is, it must alternately increase/decrease in value, which is the only sense in which a scalar value can “oscillate.”

Thus, if, at some given space/time location in the progression, the scalar value of one aspect is alternately increasing/decreasing, while the inverse aspect at that location continues to increase normally, the space/time progression ratio at that location will not be 1/1, but 1/2 or 2/1. This result can be easily plotted on a world line chart as shown in figure 1 below, where the scalar increase of time is plotted on the vertical axis and the scalar increase of space is plotted on the horizontal axis.

 

 

Figure 1. The Space/Time Progression World Line Chart

Clearly, if the unit, 1/1, space/time progression is plotted on this chart, it will fall along the green line, where ds/dt progresses as:

1/1, 2/2, 3/3, …, n/n.

However, if the space aspect of the progression, at a given location, say at 3/3, is alternating between 2 and 3 continuously, the uniform increase in the progression of space at that location will effectively stop, while the uniform increase of the time aspect at that location will continue to increase normally.

Notice that the space progression doesn’t actually stop, as this would be impossible, but since each increasing step is offset by a decreasing step, the forward progress effectively ceases, as it would if a marching soldier took a step backward every other step. Thus, the spatial location at this point in the progression is fixed by the space “oscillation,” while the space/time progression ratio of the location is ds/dt = 1/2, because the space progression is now confined to one unit (3-2 = 1), and within that unit only half of the total units of progression are increases, the other half are decreases. This location is indicated on the chart by the circled red S, and its inverse, caused by an equivalent “oscillation” in the time aspect, is indicated by the circled blue T.

Consequently, the world line for the red S is plotted as a vertical red line, since only its vertical component (time) uniformly increases. Likewise, the world line for the Blue T is plotted as a horizontal blue line, since only its horizontal component (space) uniformly increases. In other words, discrete units of space motion, albeit stationary in space, are created by space “direction” reversals, while discrete units of time motion, albeit stationary in time, are created by time “direction” reversals.

So far, the logical consequences of the system are clearly evident, or what more formally is referred to as apodictic; that is, they are demonstrably true, or incontrovertible. However, when Larson arrived at this point in his development, he had to find way in which n units of one aspect of the progression are associated with 1 unit of its inverse aspect, where n is not fixed at 2. To do this he concluded that another “direction” reversal pattern is possible, where the alternating increase/decrease in one aspect of the space/time progression only continues for a period of time (or space). When this period is up, then the alternating increase/decrease pattern reverts to a non-alternating increase/increase pattern for two units, after which the alternating increase/decrease pattern begins once again.

This establishes a periodic pattern of “direction” reversals, as opposed to the continuous “direction” reversals, at a given location, and changes the space/time progression ratio from the ds/dt = 1/2 of the continuous pattern, to a progression ratio of ds/dt = 2/3. The advantage of this is clear, when it is understood that combining units of 1/2 ratios with other units of 1/2 ratios, or combining units of 2/1 ratios with other units of 2/1 ratios, produced by the continuous reversal pattern, the space/time progression ratio of the combined unit remains constant. For examble,

1/2 + 1/2 = 2/4 = 1/2,
2/4 + 6/12 = 8/16 = 1/2,
2/1 + 2/1 = 4/2 = 2/1,
4/2 + 12/6 = 16/8 = 2/1

where we are employing the operational view of number in summing the ratios. However, combining units of continuous reversals, with units of periodic reversals, produces a different result. For example,

1/2 + 2/3 = 3/5,
2/4 + 3/5 = 5/9,
2/1 + 3/2 = 5/3,
4/2 + 5/3 = 9/5.

Here, the progression ratio changes as the displacement changes, by adding units of continuous to units of periodic reversals. In fact, we get an infinite series of integer displacements:

2/3 = 1 unit of displacement
1/2+2/3 = 3/5 = 2
1/2+3/5 = 4/7 = 3
1/2+4/7 = 5/9 = 4
.
.
.
x(1/2) + 2/3 = x+2/2x+3 = n,

where x is a multiplier of continuous units. In other words, without the periodic pattern of “direction” reversals, which Larson calls “another possibility,” there can only be three space/time progression ratios:

ds/dt = 1/1, or 1/2, or 2/1,

Obviously, without the periodic reversals, the development must stop at this point, because no other space/time ratio could be formed. However, while the initial pattern of continuous “direction” reversals is something that must be assumed philosophically, this is harder to do for the subsequent periodic pattern. Yet, as far as I can determine, no one ever raised this issue with Larson, before he passed away. Indeed, as far as I know, no one ever raised the issue until I did a few years ago, more than a decade after his decease.

So, the question is, then, “How can this periodic pattern of reversals arise?” If we assume that they just do, as apparently Larson did, perhaps we can also develop a theory of photons as he did, where the integer displacement in the m/n space/time ratios accounts for the frequencies above and below unity, which otherwise couldn’t be accounted for.

However, now we can see that the world lines of these periodic displacements, unlike the world lines of the continuous displacements, is not vertical, or horizontal, but somewhere in between the two, on a diagonal less than, or greater than unity, which means that they possess a scalar motion (increase of space and time) that is greater than zero space motion and less than unit space motion, or greater than zero time motion and less than unit time motion. This is contrary to observation, because only two types of physical entities are observed, those with mass (zero-speed matter) and those with unit speed (c-speed radiation).

The recent observations of what appears to be massive neutrinos as seen in the “neutrino oscillation” phenomenon seem to indicate an exception along these same lines, but things are far from clear at this point. The challenge that we are faced with in the development of the RST universe of motion is in explaining the existence of the periodic pattern of “direction” reversals, and, given the periodic pattern, in explaining how it produces a massless photon, as Larson concluded that it does, but with all the properties of photons, including frequency, propagation, and chirality.

Larson’s approach was to assume that the “period” of the continuous portion of the periodic pattern (its length in the periodic PA), representing an integer value of speed-displacement, is the value of its frequency, but that it propagated, relative to matter, because the reversals are effective in only one dimension of space, or time, effectively stopping its uniform progression in that one dimension only, while it remains fixed in the remaining two dimensions. Some claim that this would make the photon expand outward at unit speed, two-dimensionally, like an expanding circle, but Larson insisted that it was carried outward by the unit expansion in only one of the two remaining dimensions, and so propagated outward in a straight line.

Needless to say, this concept of radiation has been challenged by students of Larson’s system from the beginning, but Larson pretty much left it at that point, in order to move on to develop his concepts of matter, even though his concepts of matter depend on his concept of radiation. We discussed the reason for this in the previous post.

Fundamentally, Larson’s matter concepts begin with the scalar “oscillation” of “direction” reversals, interpreted as a one-dimensional “oscillation,” that can then be “rotated.” The scalar “direction” of this “rotation” is opposite the scalar “direction” of the 1D “oscillation,” and therefore, the net scalar value of the combination of the “oscillation” and the “rotation” is zero. Larson calls this combo the rotational base, and proceeds to add units of rotation to this base, units of “rotation” in both scalar “directions.” This leads to theoretical entities with net time or space displacements, relative to the rotational base, that are identified with corresponding physical entities with observed properties of negative, positive or no charge, various values of mass, etc.

Larson never considers the property of spin, pretty much regarding it as a value conjured up from the imagination to make quantum mechanics workable. In the early stages of his development, its many problems that are now so obvious, were not all that obvious, and he was convinced that his development was not inconsistent with the known facts, only with the accepted theories of quantum mechanics and the interpretation of science built upon quantum mechanics.

However, while today we know better, it is nevertheless apparent that his work points to a deep underlying reality that, if properly developed, potentially could prove to be the way out of the fundamental crisis now besetting theoretical physics. The purpose of the Larson Research Center, is to investigate this potential.

We start by recognizing that Larson’s new system is a scalar system and that, as such, it depends on new concepts of scalar values, as opposed to existing concepts of vectorial values. Thus, we view Larson’s assumption, that scalar “direction” reversals can be interpreted as 1D oscillations, as incorrect. Scalar values cannot have the directions of vectorial values; that is, they cannot be differentiated by the dimensions of geometry.

However, what we have discovered, to our delight, is that scalar values can be differentiated without converting them into vectors first; that is, instead of developing scalar magnitudes from the left, proceeding to the right, in the linear spaces of GA, as Larson attempted to do, we start from the right. In this way, the circled red S and the circled blue T in figure 1 above, are the multi-dimensional pseudoscalars in the right most space of GA.

When we combine them, we get a combination that “oscillates” in all three dimensions of space and time, and also propagates in all three dimensions. The resulting world line of the combo is shown below in figure 2.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 2. Combining S and T

As can be seen from the chart in figure 2, since the S unit’s time progresses, and the T unit’s space progresses, there is a non-zero possibility that the two units can coincide at some point in the space/time progression. If this happens, and they combine, the resulting S|T unit’s space and time both progress, at the unit rate. Thus, the world line of the S|T unit is plotted parallel to the green diagonal line of unity.

Moreover, as indicated by the text below the chart, there are three, orthogonal “dimensions” to this combo:

1) Outward space motion (ds/dt = 1/2)
2) Outward time motion (ds/dt = 2/1)
3) Inward space/time motion (ds/dt = 1/1)

Hence, with the new concept of scalar motion, comes a new concept of scalar math, and a new concept of scalar geometry, providing the basis of a new concept of scalar science.

In the new scalar science, rotation, in the sense of changing direction, is a meaningless concept, because scalars don’t have directions. Therefore, the concept of “scalar rotation” is an oxymoron, and Larson’s entire development is based on the concept of “scalar rotation.” However, if we can manage to replace his inconsistent concept of scalar rotation, as a concept that depends upon the orthogonality of three vectorial directions, with a consistent concept of scalar expansion, as a concept that depends upon the orthogonality of three scalar “directions,” we are confident that great things can come of it.

Already, we can see results beginning to emerge from the shadows. For instance, the notion of integer and half integer spin of bosons and fermions appears to be reflected in the difference between balanced RNs and unbalanced RNs. The intimation that magnitudes of electrical charge correspond to space and time “directions” in unbalanced RNs, while they manifest as chirality in balanced RNs, also seems promising, and so on.

The work along these lines is just beginning, but Larson’s work stands as a beacon, lighting the way to what promises to be a whole new world of physics.